Happy 2022!!

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Hi guys,

Many countries around the world are seeing in the New Year tonight. I want to wish you all a very Prosperous New Year. I hope that you reach your goals and find much love this coming year.

It’s been a tough few years. For some of you, it may have also been a painful few years. But each year brings new hope. Each tiny step you take from today onward will help shape your future. Take those steps with enthusiasm, joy and determination to never to give up!

My love to you all. Stay safe this year!!

Liz xx

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Answer to Dictation Listen & Write Exercise

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Below you will find the full transcript and audio recording for the dictation lesson about “Disaster Management”.

If you haven’t completed this lesson yet, please do so before looking at the answers below. Click here: Listen & Write Lesson

Audio Recording

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Transcript

Strengthening community capacity to prevent and cope with the impact of disasters is a valuable way to save lives and better protect livelihoods as well as prevent such shocks from crippling development within the poorest countries. Early warning and early action are more cost effective than traditional disaster responses and save more lives per pound spent. In other words, public money has four times as much humanitarian impact if spending on preparation and risk reduction rather than on relief items.

Review

It is important that you check what type of errors you are making having completed this lesson.

  1. Punctuation – did you overuse commas or did you miss them out? Did you notice when sentences ended and a new one began?
  2. Spelling – did you spell all words correctly?
  3. Grammar – below are three common grammar mistakes:
    1. articles (a/the = , the impact, the poorest countries
    2. plural nouns (livelihoods,
    3. verb agreement (is /are save/ saves)

If you need help with grammar, consider getting my Grammar E-book. Click below:

Visit LIZ’S ONLINE STORE

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Listen & Write: Dealing with Natural Disasters

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This lesson is about listening to an audio recording, taking notes and then reproducing the full written text. This is not an IELTS test practice. It is just a practice exercise to develop sharper listening skills and check your accuracy of written English. Many people preparing for IELTS say they don’t know if their grammar is accurate or not. This is one way to check. When someone speaks aloud what they want you to write down, it is called Dictation. This is a dictation practice.

In this lesson, you will check your ability to:

  1. listen for keywords such as nouns
  2. make notes at the same time as listening 
  3. recreate what you hear in writing – produce a written script of what you hear
  4. check your grammar
  5. check your spelling
  6. check your basic punctuation

How to use this lesson:

  1. get a pen and paper
  2. listen and make notes at the same time
    1.  write down all the nouns you hear. Nouns are always the most important words to write down when you want to reproduce what you hear on paper. 
    2. the aim is not to pause the audio, but to keep it running while you make notes. Of course, the first time, you will only get about 15% of the words. But you can listen again to collect more nouns.
    3. when you write down the nouns, don’t worry about spelling the full word. You can edit all this later after you have finished listening three times.
    4. make sure you keep the order of nouns correct so that you can create the sentences afterwards. You will use those nouns to recreate the full script.
    5. Your aim is not to write all the words while listening. It is to write only key nouns and keywords so you can then recreate the script. This is the same as you do in a university lecture.
  3. listening again and add more nouns to your list
  4. Listen a third time and even a fourth if necessary. You can also write down other useful words as well.
  5. using the nouns you have written down, try to write the whole script on your paper. Don’t listen at this point. Just look at the nouns on your paper and recreate the passage. You will need to add verbs, adjectives, adverbs, articles (a/the) and any other words to make your writing grammatically accurate.
  6. review what you have written and put in full stops, commas and capital letters.
  7. when you think your writing is accurate, listen one more time to see what  words you have missed. 
  8. after those steps, when you are sure your writing is an accurate reproduction, check the answer.
    1. Check which words you are making mistakes with  – are they plurals, articles, verb agreement – which aspects of grammar do you make the most mistakes with
    2. check your spelling and punctuation

This is NOT an IELTS test. It is an opportunity to develop note taking skills at a high level and check the accuracy of your written language. 

Listen and Write: The Best Way to Deal with Natural Disasters

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Natural Disaster = tsunami, typhoon, earthquake etc

ANSWER

The answers are available by clicking below:

CLICK HERE: ANSWERS TO THIS LESSON

i hope you found this useful.

All the best,

Liz

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How to write an IELTS Essay

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Learn how to write a high band score IELTS essay step by step. You will find 15 key steps for a high score IELTS essay. These steps are for both GT and Academic Writing Task 2. After the steps listed below, you will find useful links that will help you learn more and develop the right skills necessary to be successful in IELTS.

Step by Step: How to tackle your IELTS essay

None of these steps below can be missed if you are aiming for a good score in your IELTS Writing Task 2 essay. Be strategic and focused in how you approach your IELTS essay. Failure to tackle the points below will result in a lower score. They are particularly important for candidates aiming for band 7 and above. For those candidates, you must fulfill the requirements of the higher band scores by following and mastering the steps below.

Step 1: Make sure you identify the type of essay you have been given. This essay is what I call a “Direct Questions” essay. There are two specific questions that you must answer. The first question is about cause. You must state the cause of this trend. The second question requires you to evaluate. This means you must present your opinion as to whether you think this is a good thing or a bad thing. Click here to learn about the Types of IELTS Essays.

Step 2: Before you plan your essay, think about the structure. You have two questions and they are of equal weight. This means you will have two body paragraphs. Both body paragraphs will have equal length. Click here to learn about how many paragraphs in your essay.

Step 3: Identify the issues in the essay question. The essay question above is very simple. It is about computer games. However, some IELTS essay questions are more complex so you must take time to identify the issue or issues. 

Step 4: Brainstorm main ideas. When you brainstorm main ideas. it does not mean you will use all your ideas in your essay. First, brainstorm ideas and after that select the best ideas. To prepare ideas, see this list of common essay topics.

Step 5: Develop supporting points. This is the step that most people miss. Most people plan their main ideas and then start writing. Your main ideas are certainly important, but the supporting points are equally as important. And this is the area where most people easily go off topic. So, using your planning time to prepare your supporting points. Don’t start writing until you are clear about the whole content of your body paragraphs.

Step 6: Think about linking for body paragraphs and supporting points. Linking is another area that is often forgotten during the test. Linking and paragraphing is crucial. They are also both very very easy for you to score high points in. So, never overlook these two points. Plan your paragraphs and make sure you are using a good range of appropriate linking words. Here is a list of keywords.

Step 7: Don’t waste time on your introduction. It is a functional paragraph which usually contains just two sentences. The bulk of the marks are in the body paragraphs.

Step 8: Read the essay question again before you start each body paragraph. This will help you make sure you are using the right language to present your ideas. People think having good ideas is enough. It is NOT enough. You must think about how you will present them. So, read the essay question again and get your bearings.

Step 9: Use a range of grammar features. This is not just about tense. There are a whole range of features that you can use to show your grammatical prowess. 

    1. noun phrases
    2. gerund noun phrases
    3. noun clauses
    4. language of probability
    5. relative clauses
    6. conditional statements
    7. Referencing
    8. quantifiers and intensifiers
    9. comparatives & superlatives
    10. passive voice

To learn more about grammar in Writing Task 2 and to avoid errors, consider my Grammar E-book whcih will help you boost your grammar score and improve your English. Click here to see a Preview of my Grammar E-book. My Grammar E-book is available in my online store: Liz’s Online Store

Step 10: Avoid errors in grammar: articles, pronouns, uncountable nouns, word order, tenses, complex sentences. The more errors you have, the lower your score. Knowing the strength of your grammar will help you avoid errors. Aim for accuracy – do not aim to impress. 

Step 11: Vocabulary only counts for 25% of your marks. Too many candidates focus too heavily on this area. Use vocabulary appropriate for the topic. Don’t over use idiomatic language. Idioms are mostly informal, not formal, so go with phrasal verbs instead which are also idiomatic. Don’t use less common vocabulary if you might use it incorrectly. Errors will lower your score. Aim for accuracy. Spelling counts. There are some useful vocabulary lists on this page: IELTS Vocabulary.

Step 12: Paraphrasing is a language skill that you need to demonstrate. This doesn’t mean changing all words all the time. It means being selective about which words you change and which words you will leave and repeat. It is fine to repeat some words. Over paraphrasing is one reason why many people get a low score in vocabulary.

Step 13: Don’t aim for a long essay or a short essay. If it is too short, it means you haven’t developed your main ideas enough. If it is too long, it gives you room for more errors which will lower your score. Aim for between 270-290 words on the whole. Click here for a video lesson about essay length.

Step 14: Edit your essay. Leave 2 mins to edit your essay. Pay attention to not repeating linking words, checking spelling and spotting vocabulary errors. You might have other areas specific to your language skills that you want to check. Know your weaknesses.

Step 15: Look at the clock. Timing is everything. You must be very strict with timing so that you have enough time to finish your essay. You can start with task 2 if you want, but if you do, make sure you leave 20 mins for task 1. Use no less than 5 mins preparing your essay. Use no less than 2 mins to check your essay at the end. This leaves around 33 mins for you to write your whole essay. Practise this at home under exam conditions until you are able to do this.

Step 16: If you find my free lessons are not enough for you or if you want more in-depth training for essay writing, please get my Advanced Writing Task 2 lessons which are available in my online store. Click here: Liz’s Online Store

Other Useful Links

Hope you find this page useful. From Liz 🙂 

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Improving Sentences for IELTS Writing Task 2

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Improve your Sentences for IELTS Writing Task 2 by creating more complex sentence structures and reducing your grammar errors. Below are some sentences written by a student. Your task is to spot the mistakes and also to improve the sentences so that they are a higher band score.

Creating Higher Band Score Sentences for IELTS Writing

There are many ways to improve sentences in your IELTS writing. Some people think the only way is to create long sentences – this is not true. To improve sentences you can:

  1. use clauses
  2. using linking words to connect ideas
  3. give more precise information that improves the quality of the sentence 
  4. reduce errors

See the sentences below and the ways I use to improve the sentences to make them higher band score.

Improving Sentences Example 1

Below are three short sentences. You can increase your IELTS writing band score by connecting them and also adding more precise details

Many children are obese. They eat too much junk food. They should do exercises.

Option 1: Connect the sentences:

  • Many children are obese because they eat too much junk food and one way to tackle this is to encourage them to do more exercises.

Option 2: Add more valuable information:

  • An increasing number of children are struggling with obesity which can have a serious impact on their health. This is mainly because they are eating foods which are high in unhealthy fats and sugars as well as having a sedentary lifestyle lacking in sufficient exercise. To tackle this, children must be given a balanced, controlled diet and encouraged to get exercise every day to burn the calories they consume as well as reduce blood sugar levels.

Improving Sentences Example 2

Facebook is a good way to connect to friends. People can keep up to date with friends. Personal information is not always secure.

Option 1: Connect the Sentences

  • Although Facebook allows people to connect to each other and keep up to date with their news, their personal information might be at risk.

Option 2: Add more valuable information

  • Admittedly, Facebook provides a fun, interactive way for people to stay connected and remain in each other’s lives no matter the distance. However, by sharing so much personal information on a public, insecure platform, people are opening themselves up to online security problems such as identify theft, fraud and even cyber stalking.

Reduce Sentence Errors to Increase your IELTS Score

The more errors your sentences contain, the lower your score will be. It is better to write two sentences which are controlled in length and with no errors than one long sentence with errors. A long complex sentence with errors will not help your score.

The most common errors are in:

  • articles  a/the
  • plural nouns and countable nouns
  • prepositions
  • linking words
  • clauses
  • gerunds (verb+ing = noun)

Spot the errors in the sentences below:

  1. In my opinion, study history is extremely important in term of learning about culture, and science, medicine development.
  2. On the one hand, history is a subject that is rarely used in people’s lives. Thus it would be better to focus on science and technology, which is more relevant to the future.
  3. In other word, they should use the school time effectively, because students are loosing the motivation to study subjects like history that has no importance role in day to day life.
  4. For instance, most people memorising dates, names and facts when they studying history. This information is not useful for future.
  5. Furthermore, Valuable information can often be found in history, how science and technology had developed over the years.
  6. Although history has many information that is not useful in today’s world, studying history can help people learn about their background.

ANSWERS

Click below to see the mistakes and how to improve the sentences:

ANSWERS
  1. In my opinion, study history is extremely important in term of learning about culture, and science, medicine development.
    • Answer: In my opinion, studying history is extremely important in terms of learning about culture, the development of science and medicine.
      • studying = you need a gerund (a verb that has been converted to a noun using +ing).
      • in terms of = this is a linking word that you should learn by heart. It is quite common to use in writing task 1 and writing task 1. See this page for LINKING WORDS LIST
      • and = you must have the word and before the last item in a list.
      • Improvement = In my opinion, studying history is important because it can help people gain a deeper insight into certain aspects of everyday life such as the evolution of culture, science and even medicine.
  2. On the one hand, history is subject that is rarely used in people’s lives. Thus it would be better to focus on science and technology, which is more relevant to the future.
    • Answer: On the one hand, as history is a subject that is rarely used in people’s lives. Thus, it would be better to focus on science and technology, which are more relevant to the future.
      • “subject” is a countable noun and requires an article = a
      • Thus, = sure you use a comma after a linking word at the start of a sentence.
      • science and technology are two separate subjects so the verb should be plural =  are
      • Improvement = On the one hand, as history is a subject that is rarely of use in people’s everyday lives, it would be better to focus on subjects that are more relevant in today’s modern world and to our future, such as science and technology.
  3. In other word, they should use the school time effectively, because students are loosing the motivation to study subjects like history that has no importance role in day to day life.
    • Answer: In other words, school time should be used effectively because students are losing the motivation to study subjects, such as history, that play no important role in day to day life.
    • In other words = another example of a mistake with linking words. Linking words are easy to learn and make a huge difference to your final band score for writing task 2. You shouldn’t make any mistakes with this language.
    • “the school time” does not require an article (no “the” needed).
    • losing = the spelling loosing is a spelling mistake
    • such as = you cannot use like as a linking device in writing task 2 because it is too informal. Also, don’t forget the commas
    • has no importance role = play no important role
    • Improvement = In other words, the time spent in schools should be used more effectively by focusing on subjects that are more relevant in today’s world rather than subjects such as history, which has little meaning for most young people, so that students do not lose motivation to learn.
  4. For instance, most people memorising dates, names and facts when they studying history. This information is not useful for future.
    • Answer: For instance, most people memorise dates, names and facts when they study history which is not considered useful information for their future. (Combine the sentences.)
    • most people memorising = most people memorise
    • when they studying = when they study
    • the future = their future
    • Combining the two sentences into one complex sentence is better and it is quite easy to do.
    • Improvement = For instance, most people are forced to memorise long lists of dates, names and facts for events that happened centuries ago when studying history, which is not particularly useful information for their future.
      • Note: I’ve changed when they study to when studying (using a gerund is better for your band score).
  5. Furthermore, Valuable information can often be found in history, how science and technology had developed over the years.
    • Answer: Furthermore, valuable information can often be found in history relating to how science and technology have developed over the years.
    • valuable should not have a capital letter in this sentence
    • the two clauses in the sentence should be connected using relating to
    • had = have (plural)
    • Improvement = Furthermore, there is a lot to gain from the study of history namely valuable information relating to how science and technology have developed over the decades, which can help people spot trends of how they are likely to continue developing in the future.
  6. Although history has many information that is not useful in today’s world, studying history can help people learn about their background.
    1. Answer: Although history has a lot of information that is not useful in today’s world, studying it can help people learn about their background.
    2. many information = a lot of information (information is an uncountable noun)
    3. studying history – studying it (don’t repeat words)
    4. Improvement = Although the study of history requires people to learn a lot of information that does not seem to directly relate to their life today, it can help people gain a sense of their own cultural identity, which can bring understanding, tolerance and even unite a country.

I hope you found this lesson useful. If you did, let me know and I’ll post more like this for you. All the best, Liz

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RECOMMENDED FOR YOU:

Linking Words List for IELTS Essays

100 IELTS Essay Questions

ALL MODEL ESSAYS & TIPS FOR IELTS WRITING TASK 2

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IELTS Essays: Five Types of IELTS Essays

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There are 5 types of IELTS essays which can appear in IELTS writing task 2. These types of essays are for both GT and Academic writing task 2. Below you will find sample essay questions for each type of essay and links to model answers. 

Please note that IELTS teachers sometimes divide essays into different categories based on how they teach. This means IELTS and teachers give essays different names and categorise them differently.

1) IELTS Opinion Essay

This type of essay is where you are presented with someone else’s opinion and you are asked if you agree or disagree with it. The opinion is often flawed or extreme in its views. Some teachers call this the Argumentative Essay. The instructions can be written in a number of ways. Below are a few examples:

  • Do you agree or disagree?
  • Do you agree?
  • What do you think?
  • To what extent do you agree?
  • To what extent do you agree or disagree?
  • What is your opinion?

No matter how the instructions are written, you can take any position you want: agree, disagree or partial agreement (balanced view). Below is an example essay question:

Some people think that only electric cars should be allowed on the road by 2040. Do you agree?

Note:

  • IELTS will not tell you which type of essay you are given. You must identify the essay type yourself by looking at the instructions and the task given.
  • The biggest mistake for an opinion essay is not giving a clear opinion. Writing “this essay will show that…” does not express your own opinion. Your opinion must be clear and remain the same opinion throughout the entire essay.
  • Another problem is when people sit on the fence without any clear opinion. A balanced view does not mean you agree with both sides fully. You can’t turn an opinion essay into a discussion essay.

2) IELTS Discussion Essay

This type of essay presents you with a statement and you must present the two sides. This might be two sides of the same issue:

Some people think there should be free health care for all people, but others disagree. Discuss both sides.

Or it might be two separate issues which you need to discuss:

Some people think that urban spaces should be used for parks rather than for housing. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.

3) IELTS Advantage Disadvantage Essays

There are two types of questions in this category.

i) Advantage and Disadvantage Essay

This is similar to a discussion essay where you are given a statement must present the positive and negative side of the issue:

Some people think it is good for students to take a gap year before going to university. What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing so?

ii) Outweigh Essay

This is by far the most difficult of the two essay types in this category. It requires you to present an opinion and explain your opinion.

Some people think the world will eventually have only one language. Do you think the advantages of having one global language outweigh the disadvantages?

4) IELTS Solution Essays

There are a number of types of possible questions in this category:

i) Solution Only Essay

Some children have serious weight problems. What are the possible solutions?

ii) Cause Solution Essay

Children in rural areas are being left behind in their academic development. Why is this is the case? What solutions can you suggest?

iii) Problem Solution Essay

More and more people are moving to cities to look for work. What problems does this cause? What are the possible solutions?

iv) Cause Effect Essay

More and more people are moving from the countryside to cities. Why is this? What problems does it cause?

5) Direct Questions Essays

Some teachers call these the Double Question Essays or Two Question Essays. However, these types of essay questions might contain one, two or three questions for you to answer. Below are some examples.

Pollution around the world is becoming a serious problem. Do you think this is a problem that should be solved internationally or on a local level?

In the question above, you are asked one specific question. Your whole essay must tackle this question only.

More and more people are choosing to work from home. Is this a positive or negative development?

This essay question has just one issue and one question. You must explain what type of development you think working from home is.

Some people spend a lot of money on weddings. Why do they do this? Do you think it is good to spend a lot of money on weddings?

Above, you will see you have been presented with two questions to answer: reasons and opinion (evaluating if it is good or not.) 

News editors decide what to print in newspapers and what to broadcast on TV. What factors do you think influence these decisions? Do we become used to bad news? Would it be better if more news was reported?

It is not common to be given three questions. However, it has appeared in the test before so I’ve included it in this list.

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Practice Essay Questions for IELTS

You can find over 100 essay questions to practice on this page: 100 IELTS Essay Questions. The questions are divided first into topics and then into essay types. This way you can get lots of practice before your actual test day.

Model Essays & Tips

You can find model essays for each type of IELTS writing task 2 on this page: IELTS Writing Task 2 Model Essays & Tips. You’ll also find tips for essay structure, paragraphing, linking words etc. Everything on this website is free for you to use.

Advanced Writing Task 2 Lessons

I also have advanced lessons for IELTS essays in my store which take you step by step through the techniques of writing a high band score essay. You can find my store here: Liz’s Advanced IELTS Store.

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IELTS Speaking: I don’t understand the question. Advice & Tips

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In the IELTS Speaking test, can you say “I don’t understand, can you repeat that please?” to the examiner. Will you get a lower score if you say that?

It is not uncommon that you might not understand a question that the examiner asks. Or you might not have heard the question properly so you want the question repeated. What is the best way to tackle this situation?

Can I ask the examiner to repeat the question?

Yes, it’s 100% ok to ask for the question to be repeated. See this page: Asking the Examiner Questions for more information about asking the examiner questions during the test.

Will I get a low score if I say “I don’t understand” in IELTS Speaking?

In IELTS Speaking, you are not marked on your ability to understand a question. You are only marked on:

  • Fluency & Coherence 
  • Grammar
  • Vocabulary
  • Pronunciation

Each of those marking criterion are worth 25% of your speaking marks. As you can see, understanding or being on topic are not marked. This means if you don’t understand a question or you misunderstand a question, you won’t get marked down.  So, feel free to ask for the question to be repeated.

However, do I recommend that you say “I don’t understand“?  No, I don’t recommend you say it. It is never a good idea to show that you struggled to understand something in English during an English language test.

What can I do if I don’t understand a question in IELTS Speaking?

The best way to deal with a question you don’t understand is to simply ask for the examiner to repeat it without saying that you don’t understand. For example:

Could you repeat that, please?

Saying this simple line is clear and direct. It doesn’t show your lack of understanding. It is polite and appropriate for the IELTS Speaking test.

Other similar options are:

  • Sorry, could you say that again, please?
  • Sorry, I missed that. Could you repeat the question, please?

You can also say:

Sorry, I didn’t quite hear you. Could you say that again more clearly?

Sorry, I didn’t quite hear the question. Could you say that again more slowly?

Sorry, what did you say? Could you say that again more loudly?

Alternatively, you could say:

Sorry, I didn’t catch that. Could you repeat that, please?

I didn’t quite catch what you said. Could you repeat that, please?

This is a great way to ask for the question to be repeated because it uses idiomatic language which will boost your score. “to catch something that was said” is idiomatic language.  However, don’t say this repeatedly. Try to be flexible with the language you use when you ask for the question to be repeated. Each word you say while the recording is on will be marked.

Be Prepared

It is important that you rehearse these responses so that when you don’t understand something, you are ready with a variety of possible responses to deal with the situation. This will give you confidence in the test and show the examiner a range of language for dealing with misunderstandings. These are things which will help your score.

Can you ask for the question to be explained?

The answer to this question is Yes and No. Let me explain…

In part 1, the examiner is not allowed to explain the question to you. So, in part 1, you can only ask for the question to be repeated. 

In part 2, the examiner cannot explain the cue card to you. You must do your best to understand the main topic and follow the prompts as best you can.

In part 3, the discussion, it is fine to ask the question to explain what they mean. The examiner will say the question again using different words so that you can understand more easily. You could say “Sorry, could you explain what you mean?” This won’t affect your score, but try not to say too often.

I hope you have found this page useful. I always thinking that the more you are prepared for IELTS and the more you understand about the test, the better your chances of success. For more tips and free lessons relating to IELTS speaking, click here: Free IELTS Speaking Tips

All the best

Liz 🙂

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Answers to Listening Practice: Superbug

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Below are the answers to the practice listening lesson about Superbugs. If you haven’t completed that lesson yet, please do so before looking at the answers. To do the lesson, click here: Superbug Listening Practice Lesson

Transcript

By listening to the transcript you can check your answers and also improve your pronunciation. The recording is given below.

Transcript: When we think of animal species that are exceptionally strong, we usually think of large animals such as the elephant or rhino. These are formidable mammals that from their size are clearly so much stronger that we are. However, when it comes to strength in relation to size, we need to look at insects and in particular ants and beetles.

The leafcutter ant can carry over 20 times its own body weight in its jaws, which are known as mandibles. When they come across a leaf that is too heavy for them to carry, they cut the leaf into more manageable fragments. If we compare this to human strength it is similar to a human being lifting a truck with their teeth.

Ants are interesting for many reasons. They had already emerged about 90 million years ago at the time of the dinosaurs. Much later on, their numbers seem to grow as they developed into organised societies or as we know them, colonies. They now represent about 15% of this planet’s biomass.

However, the dung beetle is even more remarkable for its strength in relation to body weight. The dung beetle can pull weights which are in excess of 1,000 times their own body weight. If we translate this into human strength. It is like one person pulling six double-decker buses.

Unlike many insect or animal species, the dung beetle inhabits a range of habitats and can be found in most places on the planet. Their communication techniques mainly seem to focus on acoustic vibration. They are also great recyclers and play an important part in processing waste. For example, it is said that in parts of Texas, dung beetles are responsible for burying 80% of cattle excrement.

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Answers

  1. ELEPHANT  RHINO
  2. 20 TIMES
  3. DINOSAURS
  4. COLONIES
  5. 15%
  6. 6 DOUBLE-DECKER BUSES
  7. (ACOUSTIC) VIBRATION
  8. 80%
  9. FORMIDABLE
  10. FRAGMENTS
  11. TRUCK
  12. ACOUSTIC
  13. EXCREMENT

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